Abstract:

Epigenetic factors represent fundamental mechanisms regulating gene expression and 
are essential for female reproductive function. DNA methylation, histone modifications, and various 
non-coding RNAs play critical roles in the regulation of folliculogenesis, oocyte maturation, 
ovulation, implantation, and early embryonic development. Disruptions in these epigenetic 
processes may result in diminished ovarian reserve, anovulation, endometrial dysfunction, and an 
increased risk of spontaneous miscarriage or other reproductive complications. External 
influences, including advanced age, obesity, smoking, nutritional deficiencies, psychosocial stress, 
and exposure to endocrine disruptors, significantly affect the epigenetic profile and may induce 
adverse changes in ovarian physiology. Moreover, some epigenetic alterations can be transmitted 
to subsequent generations, highlighting their importance for reproductive and overall health. A 
comprehensive understanding of epigenetic mechanisms and their dynamic nature supports the 
development of personalized diagnostic and therapeutic strategies aimed at improving fertility and 
optimizing outcomes in assisted reproductive technologies. 

Keywords: Epigenetics, reproduction, fertility, methylation, histone modifications.

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