Abstract:

Glaucoma is a chronic, progressive optic neuropathy that leads to the gradual loss of 
retinal ganglion cells and irreversible damage to the optic nerve. Although lowering intraocular 
pressure (IOP) remains the main therapeutic approach, numerous studies have shown that pressure 
reduction alone is not always sufficient to prevent the neurodegenerative processes associated with 
glaucoma. This underscores the importance of neuroprotection as a therapeutic strategy aimed at 
preserving the structure and function of neurons. The present review analyzes current concepts of 
neuroprotection in glaucoma, including key pathogenetic mechanisms, pharmacological 
approaches, and emerging biotechnological methods. Evidence regarding the efficacy of molecules 
such as citicoline, nicotinamide, brimonidine, and coenzyme Q10 is discussed, along with the 
prospects of gene, stem cell, and nanotechnology-based therapies. The review emphasizes the 
necessity of a multimodal therapeutic approach that combines intraocular pressure control with 
neuroprotective and regenerative strategies to achieve long-term preservation of visual function. 

Keywords: glaucoma, neuroprotection, retinal ganglion cells, citicoline, nicotinamide, brimonidine, 
stem cell therapy, gene therapy, nanotechnology. 

Download the full article here: Download 2019